 E. Rips
 D. Witztum
 Example 2
 Example 3
 Name list of the personalities
Click the picture to enlarge it!
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Divinity of the Holy Bible puzzles many minds. Those who are asking if the Holy Bible is from God, is answered by the finding these scientist made. They found the names and date of birth or death of 32 Jewish rabbis hidden into Bible in its original Hebrew text of the first book of Moses, that is, in the Book of Genesis. All the rabbis lived in 1900-century. The names and dates they picked up from the book "Encyclopaedia of Great Men in Israel".
According to Jewish tradition the Holy Bible contains hidden words. The words have been hidden by various ways. One method is ELS (Equidistant Letter Sequence). In this method only, for example, every seventh letter is read and so the hidden words are found.
About sixty years ago Rabbi Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl started to study Bible by this method. His study produced awesome results published in book Torat Chemed.
Mathematician Professor Eliyahu Rips began to research this subject in 1983. Primarily he investigated the occurrence of words as ELS's clustering at an appropriate place in the text. In spring 1985 he and Doron Witztum found the phenomenon of convergences between pairs of conceptually related words (like hammer and anvil, see figure below) in the Book of Genesis. Shortly thereafter they defined a methodology for evaluating the significance of these convergences. The necessary software was prepared by Yoav Rosenberg.
Later that summer they decided to investigate convergences between the names and dates of birth and death of famous rabbinical personalities. For this purpose a list of personalities was prepared, using the Encyclopedia of Great Men in Israel as the basis. The list included only the most famous individuals, i.e. those whose entries consisted of at least three columns of text and whose dates of birth and/or death were given. The list of names was prepared before the experiment began by Professor Shlomo Havlin, at that time head of the Department of Bibliography and Librarianship at Bar Ilan University, following professional guidelines. The rules of orthography and the form of the Hebrew date were also established a priori by the linguist Yaakov Orbach. Measurements of the convergences indicated that there is a very strong tendency for the names of the personalities to converge with their associated dates. They published their results in a preprint describing their research, in autumn 1986.
As a response to the paper Professor Diaconis proposed that a new list of famous personalities be prepared, to be investigated using the exact same program. To the new list they took only those personalities whose entries in the Encyclopedia were between 1.5 and 3 columns of text and whose date of birth and/or death were given. The dates were written in exactly the same format as was previously established. This time, too, the list of names was prepared a priori by Professor Havlin, using the same professional criteria as in the previous study.
Measurements were made using the same program as in the first experiment. The results were very successful. A paper describing the two experiments was published in winter 1988.
Mathematician, Professor Robert J. Aumann submitted a shortened version of this paper for publication in PNAS. This led to negotiations regarding the publication. As a result of these negotiations Professor Diaconis first proposed, in a letter dated 3 Aug. 1988, that a new test should be carried out, involving a large number of random permutations. Finally the details of the test, the number of permutations and the required level of significance, were agreed by Professor Diaconis and Professor Aumann as laid down in a letter dated 7 Sept. 1990, written by Professor Aumann and approved by Professor Diaconis two days later.
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Professor Aumann delivered a copy of the agreement to team Witztum-Rips-Rosenberg, who had not participated to the negotiations. According to Professor Aumann's recommendation a new paper was written, even before the experiment was run. This version described the new test, leaving out the results, which did not yet exist. This paper was sent to Professor Diaconis and to several other well known statisticians. They approved the test as it was described in the paper and stipulated, each one independently, the level of significance that should be required.
The experiment was run in winter 1991. The results were very significant: p = 0.000016, well beyond the proposed cutoffs. The results were then included into the paper. The paper was finally published in the journal Statistical Science, Vol. 9 No. 3, pages 429-438. In the last sentence of the report they concluded that "the proximity of ELS's with related meanings in the book of Genesis is not due to chance".
Very authoritative and appreciated journal "Statistical Science" of "Institute of Mathematical Statistics" published the study in their August issue 1994. Editor-in-Chief of the journal, dr Robert Kass with his colleagues were taken aback. They couldn't find even the smallest mistake from the study. Dr Kass sent the study to other independent scientists who were amazed: "How can this be possible?"
Editor-in Chief Hershel Shanks of the appreciated journal "Bible Review", wrote in his journal 10/1995: Possibility that this could occur by accident is mathematically one over 50 000 000 000 000 000. Respectively wrote David Briggs in "The News Tribune" journal 28.10.1995: Possibility that the words occur in this way by accident is one over 50 kvadriljon. By this time the study has been published in two scientific journal and natural reason have not been found.
Director Jeffrey B. Satinover wrote in Bible Review, November 1995:
"The robustness of the Torah codes findings derives from the rigour of the research. To be published in a journal such as Statistical Science, it had to run, without stumbling, an unusually long gauntlet manned by some of the world's most eminent statisticians. The results were thus triply unusual: in the extraordinariness of what was found; in the strict scrutiny the findings had to hold up under; and in the unusually small odds (less than 1 in 62,500) that they were due to chance. Other amazing claims about the Bible, Shakespeare, etc., have never even remotely approached this kind of rigour, and have therefore never come at all close to publication in a peer-reviewed hard-science venue. The editor of Statistical Science, himself a sceptic, has challenged readers to find a flaw; though many have tried, none has succeeded. All the 'First Crack' questions asked by Bible Review readers -- and many more sophisticated ones -- have therefore already been asked by professional critics and exhaustively answered by the research. Complete and convincing responses to even these initial criticisms get fairly technical."
In the figure below there are the words "hammer" vertically from bottom to top and "anvil" horizontally from left to right. As can be seen the words are close to each other and they relate to each other. So they found the names and dates of birth and/or death of 32 famous rabbis who lived in 1900-century, this way close to each other. Same names and dates were found even when words of the Bible text was mixed but they were no more close to each other. The names and dates were found from the other text sources also like Tolstoi's "War and Peace" translated into Hebrew but they were not near each other. The fact that the names and dates were found near each other from the Book of Genesis in Bible is very significant and as the scientists wrote "is not due to chance"
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